Yes, the CFBundleVersion will change that “internal version” number. It is like the “version code” on Google Play. It is just a way to indicate what is the newer version.
For release purposes, the important is to set the CFBundleShortVersionString as Rob mentioned.
So, in summary:
iOS Android CFBundleVersion = Version code
CFBundleShortVersionString = Version name
According to the engineers, this has been resolved in recent daily builds (I don’t have a specific build number but you can review the release notes to check).
In these builds, “CFBundleShortVersionString” uses the “Version” field in the iOS Build window and a basic formula “CFBundleVersion=yyyy.mm.ddtime” to make it unique for each build (this now being required when uploading to iTunesConnect).
Either field can be overridden by including it in the plist section of the build.settings file, but if you do that, you’ll need to remember to update it every time you do a new submission.
Note that public build users (2393a) must add “CFBundleShortVersionString” to the plist if they plan to submit apps to iTunesConnect.