Fur, take two

I took an earlier crack at fur a few years back, stacking lines atop one another and waving them around, per the common approach.

That way of doing things relies upon having an object with a proper shape, which makes sense with 3D models and all, thus the intermediate objects and such in the previous attempt. Most if not all of our Solar objects are 2D, of course, often being images or sprites whose shapes are described by pixels rather than their bounds.

What I’ve attempted to do is encode the motion in a texture. Generation basically proceeds as described in the second link: randomly place hairs and rotate them along random arcs. We use z-coordinates during construction, but drop them after that.

Our texture components range from 0 to 255 (a byte), so we have 16 * 16 values at hand. What I’ve done is to sample the hairs at 16ths of an angle, starting from 0. Half the byte contains the low “time”, when the hair is first visible in the pixel; the other has the time remaining, its “range”.
This done for three layers of fur, stored in the RGB components. Since hairs won’t be placed everywhere or wave over every pixel, we also need to store the “skin” or “ground” (or empty space around the image); this is contained in the alpha component.

I was running into some issues with the representation: you can reliably land on 256ths, on the Lua side, but that [0 - 255] range is very slightly different and this is reflected on the GPU. Some tests showed that about half the hair-related pixels were always visible, i.e. they had a “low” of 0 and “range” of 15. (The follicles were the primary reason.) These were basically indistinguishable from the skin / ground, so were just baked into the alpha component; this opens up a little extra wiggle room in the range and seems to have cleared up the issues. The grayscale blending probably isn’t the most fur-like, but reflects these considerations.

Anyhow, you update a time–between 0 and 1–for each layer, saying “when” along the rotations the respective hairs happen to be. On the shader side, we check if the corresponding time falls in the [low, low + range) interval; if so, the hair will be blended into that pixel.

(With a second texture, and using uniforms for input, four more layers could be added. I haven’t attempted this. It might be asking too much of the color-blending strategy, too.

Another idea would be to store the “low” in one texture and “range” in another. This would allow filtering and finer time sampling.)

Code:

--- Fur test.

--
-- Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-- a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-- "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-- without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-- distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-- permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-- the following conditions:
--
-- The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-- included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
--
-- THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-- EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-- MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
-- IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
-- CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
-- TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
-- SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
--
-- [ MIT license: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php ]
--

-- Standard library imports --
local abs = math.abs
local asin = math.asin
local floor = math.floor
local ipairs = ipairs
local max = math.max
local min = math.min
local pairs = pairs
local pi = math.pi
local random = math.random
local sin = math.sin
local sqrt = math.sqrt

-- Modules --
local widget = require("widget")

-- Plugins --
local memoryBitmap = require("plugin.memoryBitmap")

-- Solar2D globals --
local display = display

--
--
--

local function Quantize (pos, dim)
  return floor(pos / dim)
end

local NCols, NRows = 100, 100

local function Visit (col, row, func, arg1, arg2)
  if col >= 1 and col <= NCols and row >= 1 and row <= NRows then
    func(col, row, arg1, arg2)
  end
end

local CellWidth, CellHeight = 4, 4

local function Raycast (x1, y1, x2, y2, func, arg1, arg2)
  local coff, roff = Quantize(x1, CellWidth), Quantize(y1, CellHeight)
  local x0, c1 = coff * CellWidth, coff + 1 
  local y0, r1 = roff * CellHeight, roff + 1
  local c2, r2 = Quantize(x2, CellWidth) + 1, Quantize(y2, CellHeight) + 1
  local cstep, rstep = c1 < c2 and 1 or -1, r1 < r2 and 1 or -1

  if c1 == c2 then -- vertical
    for row = r1, r2, rstep do
      Visit(c1, row, func, arg1, arg2)
    end
  elseif r1 == r2 then -- horizontal
    for col = c1, c2, cstep do
      Visit(col, r1, func, arg1, arg2)
    end
  else
    local dc, dr = abs(c1 - c2), abs(r1 - r2)

    if dc == dr then -- diagonal
      for _ = 1, dc do
        Visit(c1, r1, func, arg1, arg2)

        c1, r1 = c1 + cstep, r1 + rstep
      end
    elseif dc < dr then -- more tall than wide
      local xoff, dx, dy = x1 - x0, abs(x2 - x1), y2 - y1
      local t, m = c1 < c2 and CellWidth - xoff or xoff, dy / dx

      -- Columns, first through penultimate:
      for col = c1, c2 - cstep, cstep do
        local rto = Quantize(y1 + t * m, CellHeight) + 1

        for row = r1, rto, rstep do
          Visit(col, row, func, arg1, arg2)
        end

        r1, t = rto, t + CellWidth
      end

      -- Last column:
      for row = r1, r2, rstep do
        Visit(c2, row, func, arg1, arg2)
      end
    else -- more wide than tall
      local yoff, dx, dy = y1 - y0, x2 - x1, abs(y2 - y1)
      local t, m = r1 < r2 and CellHeight - yoff or yoff, dx / dy

      -- Rows, first through penultimate:
      for row = r1, r2 - rstep, rstep do
        local cto = Quantize(x1 + t * m, CellWidth) + 1

        for col = c1, cto, cstep do
          Visit(col, row, func, arg1, arg2)
        end

        c1, t = cto, t + CellHeight
      end

      -- Last row:
      for col = c1, c2, cstep do
        Visit(col, r2, func, arg1, arg2)
      end
    end
  end
end

--
--
--

local RowInfo = {}

local Tex = memoryBitmap.newTexture{ width = NCols, height = NRows }

local function Paint (col, row)
  Tex:setPixel(col, row, 1, 0, 0, 1)

  local info = RowInfo[row]

  if info then
    info.left, info.right = min(col, info.left), max(col, info.right)
  else
    RowInfo[row] = { left = col, right = col }
  end
end

--
--
--

local Left, Top = 50, 100

local Image = display.newImageRect(Tex.filename, Tex.baseDir, Tex.width * CellWidth, Tex.height * CellHeight)

Image:setStrokeColor(0, 0, 1)

Image.anchorX, Image.x = 0, Left
Image.anchorY, Image.y = 0, Top
Image.strokeWidth = 2

Image:addEventListener("touch", function(event)
  local phase, target = event.phase, event.target

  if phase == "began" then
    display.getCurrentStage():setFocus(target)

    local x, y = event.x - Left, event.y - Top

    Raycast(x, y, x, y, Paint) -- trivial cast
    Tex:invalidate()

    target.last_x, target.last_y = event.x, event.y
    target.is_touched = true
  elseif target.is_touched then
    if phase == "moved" then
      Raycast(target.last_x - Left, target.last_y - Top, event.x - Left, event.y - Top, Paint)
      Tex:invalidate()

      target.last_x, target.last_y = event.x, event.y
    elseif phase == "ended" or phase == "cancelled" then
      display.getCurrentStage():setFocus(nil)

      target.is_touched = false
    end
  else -- swipe?
    return
  end

  return true
end)

--
--
--

local function UpdateTimeInfo (col, row, layer, time)
  local index = (row - 1) * NCols + col
  local value = layer[index]

  if value then
    value[1], value[2] = min(value[1], time), max(value[2], time)
  else
    value = { time, time }
  end

  layer[index] = value
end

local function EncodeTimes (value)
  if value then
    local low = value[1]
    local range = value[2] - low + 1

    return (16 * low + range + 1) / 256 -- we add 1 to as a correction from 256ths to 255ths
  else
    return 0
  end
end

--
--
--

-- In early development, this looked atrocious with filtering. Now it
-- actually seems okay, if still off. The "low" value might often survive,
-- or at least be reasonably close, whereas the "range" will be all over
-- the place.

display.setDefault("magTextureFilter", "nearest")
display.setDefault("minTextureFilter", "nearest")

local Tex2 = memoryBitmap.newTexture{ width = NCols, height = NRows }

display.setDefault("magTextureFilter", "linear")
display.setDefault("minTextureFilter", "linear")

--
--
--

local FullRange = EncodeTimes{ 0, 15 }

local function BakeLayers (layers)
  local r, g, b, a, index = layers[1], layers[2], layers[3], layers[4], 1

  for row = 1, NRows do
    for col = 1, NCols do
      local red, green, blue, alpha = EncodeTimes(r[index]), EncodeTimes(g[index]), EncodeTimes(b[index]), a[index] or 0

      -- If a pixel is shown at all times, just bake it into the skin instead; this will
      -- be the case at all the follicles, for instance. This gives us some slack in the
      -- encoding and seems to avoid some artifacts, presumably related to rounding.
      if red == FullRange then
        alpha, red = alpha + .25, 0
      end

      if green == FullRange then
        alpha, green = alpha + .25, 0
      end

      if blue == FullRange then
        alpha, blue = alpha + .25, 0
      end

      Tex2:setPixel(col, row, red, blue, green, alpha)
      
      index = index + 1
    end
  end

  Tex2:invalidate()
end

--
--
--

-- For the following, see http://www.plunk.org/~hatch/rightway.html

local function AngleBetween (dot, vmw, vpw)
  if dot < 0 then
    return pi - 2 * asin(vpw / 2)
  else
    return 2 * asin(vmw / 2)
  end
end

local function SinXOverX (x)
  if 1 + x^2 == 1 then
    return 1
  else
    return sin(x) / x
  end
end

local function Slerp (vx, vy, wx, wy, angle, t)
  local s = 1 - t
  local u = s * SinXOverX(s * angle)
  local v = t * SinXOverX(t * angle)

  return u * vx + v * wx, u * vy + v * wy
end

--
--
--

local function Length (vx, vy, vz)
  return sqrt(vx^2 + vy^2 + vz^2)
end

local function GetAngle (vx, vy, vz, wx, wy, wz)
  local dot = vx * wx + vy * wy + vz * wz
  local vmw = Length(vx - wx, vy - wy, vz - wz)
  local vpw = Length(vx + wx, vy + wy, vz + wz)

  return AngleBetween(dot, vmw, vpw)
end

local function RandomAxis ()
  local ax, ay, az = random(-20, 20) / 50, random(-20, 20) / 50, random(30, 50) / 50
  local alen = Length(ax, ay, az)

  return ax / alen, ay / alen, az / alen
end

local SegmentLength = 11.5

local function RenderSegment (layer, time, x1, y1, vx, vy)
  local x2, y2 = x1 + vx * SegmentLength, y1 + vy * SegmentLength

  Raycast(x1, y1, x2, y2, UpdateTimeInfo, layer, time)

  return x2, y2
end

--
--
--

local Densities = { 20, 15, 20 }

widget.newButton{
  left = Image.contentBounds.xMax + 20,
  top = Image.contentBounds.yMin,
  label = "Build",

  onEvent = function(event)
    if event.phase == "ended" then
      local alayer = {}

      for row, edges in pairs(RowInfo) do
        local r0 = (row - 1) * NCols

        for col = edges.left, edges.right do
          alayer[r0 + col] = .25
        end
      end

      local layers = {}

      for _, density in ipairs(Densities) do
        local layer = {}

        for row, edges in pairs(RowInfo) do
          for col = edges.left, edges.right do
            if random(100) < density then
              local n = random(2, 6)
              local vx, vy, vz = RandomAxis()
              local wx, wy, wz = RandomAxis()
              local angle = GetAngle(vx, vy, vz, wx, wy, wz)
              local sina = SinXOverX(angle)

              vx, vy = vx / sina, vy / sina
              wx, wy = wx / sina, wy / sina

              for j = 0, 15 do
                local t, x, y = j / 16, col * CellWidth, row * CellHeight

                for _ = 1, n do
                  x, y = RenderSegment(layer, j, x, y, Slerp(vx, vy, wx, wy, angle, t))
                  t = random(j * 3, j * 3 + 5) / 50 -- slightly shifted
                end
              end
            end
          end
        end
    
        layers[#layers + 1] = layer
      end

      layers[#layers + 1] = alayer

      BakeLayers(layers)
    end
  end
}

--
--
--

local Image2 = display.newImageRect(Tex2.filename, Tex2.baseDir, 200, 200)

Image2:setStrokeColor(1, 0, 0)

Image2.anchorX, Image2.x = 0, Left
Image2.anchorY, Image2.y = 0, Top + 450
Image2.strokeWidth = 2

--
--
--

graphics.defineEffect{
  category = "filter", name = "fur",

  vertexData = {
    { index = 0, name = "t1", min = 0, max = 1, default = 0 },
    { index = 1, name = "t2", min = 0, max = 1, default = 0 },
    { index = 2, name = "t3", min = 0, max = 1, default = 0 },
  },

  fragment = [[
    P_COLOR vec4 FragmentKernel (P_UV vec2 uv)
    {
      P_COLOR vec4 rgba = texture2D(CoronaSampler0, uv);
      P_COLOR float blank = step(dot(rgba, rgba), 0.);

      // Decode the RGB components, into the lower bound of the initial 16ths bin,
      // plus the range (in 16ths) from there, cf. EncodeTimes() above. The sample
      // is in 255ths rather than 256ths, so the rounding might be slightly off.
      P_UV vec3 hoist = rgba.xyz * 16.;
      P_UV vec3 range = fract(hoist);
      P_UV vec3 low = (hoist - range) / 16.;

      // See if the time falls within the bounds for each component.
      P_UV vec3 when = CoronaVertexUserData.xyz - low;
      P_COLOR vec3 ge_lower = step(vec3(0.), when);
      P_COLOR vec3 le_upper = step(when, range);
      P_COLOR vec3 bounded = ge_lower * le_upper;

      // Accumulate the tint for any valid component. This is not a very sophisticated
      // blending policy, but always-visible pixels are easy, cf. BakeLayers() above.
      P_COLOR float fur_tint = dot(bounded, vec3(.25));
      P_COLOR vec4 gray = vec4(rgba.a + fur_tint);

      // Tint the final grayscale value. If the pixel was hidden, clear anything done.
      return CoronaColorScale(gray) * (1. - blank);
    }
  ]]
}

--
--
--

local Image3 = display.newImageRect(Tex2.filename, Tex2.baseDir, 300, 300)

Image3.fill.effect = "filter.custom.fur"

Image3:setStrokeColor(0, 1, 0)

Image3.anchorX, Image3.x = 0, Left
Image3.anchorY, Image3.y = 0, Top + 700
Image3.strokeWidth = 2

Image3:setFillColor(.7, .3, .2) -- vair

transition.to(Image3.fill.effect, { t1 = 1, time = 1300, transition = easing.continuousLoop, iterations = 0 })
transition.to(Image3.fill.effect, { t2 = 1, time = 2300, transition = easing.continuousLoop, iterations = 0 })
transition.to(Image3.fill.effect, { t3 = 1, time = 1300, transition = easing.continuousLoop, iterations = 0 })

and build.settings:

settings =
{
	plugins = {
		["plugin.memoryBitmap"] = { publisherId = "com.coronalabs" }
	}
}

It is very much a test program. :smiley: You draw in the big box up top: the only thing this does it give some left- and right-hand boundaries to parts of the “image”. I tend to draw something like a set of parentheses, possibly with some waviness. (In practice you would probably provide an image and visit the pixels with any alpha.)

When you hit “Build”, it will scoop up any rows you drew and make the encoded times + alpha texture, showing it in the middle box. The rendered fur, based on that, will be drawn in the bottom box.

1 Like

Would love to see a video?

I played around with this some more, including lowering the hair densities and adjusting their lengths, using a maximum alpha method of blending rather than additive, and constraining the randomness of the rotations. The effect seems to be brought out much better this way.

An example (see original post for some of what’s going on):

Code for the above:

--- Fur test.

--
-- Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-- a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-- "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-- without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-- distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-- permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-- the following conditions:
--
-- The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-- included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
--
-- THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-- EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-- MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
-- IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
-- CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
-- TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
-- SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
--
-- [ MIT license: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php ]
--

-- Standard library imports --
local abs = math.abs
local asin = math.asin
local floor = math.floor
local ipairs = ipairs
local max = math.max
local min = math.min
local pairs = pairs
local pi = math.pi
local random = math.random
local sin = math.sin
local sqrt = math.sqrt

-- Modules --
local widget = require("widget")

-- Plugins --
local memoryBitmap = require("plugin.memoryBitmap")

-- Solar2D globals --
local display = display

--
--
--

local function Quantize (pos, dim)
  return floor(pos / dim)
end

local NCols, NRows = 100, 100

local function Visit (col, row, func, arg1, arg2)
  if col >= 1 and col <= NCols and row >= 1 and row <= NRows then
    func(col, row, arg1, arg2)
  end
end

local CellWidth, CellHeight = 4, 4

local function Raycast (x1, y1, x2, y2, func, arg1, arg2)
  local coff, roff = Quantize(x1, CellWidth), Quantize(y1, CellHeight)
  local x0, c1 = coff * CellWidth, coff + 1 
  local y0, r1 = roff * CellHeight, roff + 1
  local c2, r2 = Quantize(x2, CellWidth) + 1, Quantize(y2, CellHeight) + 1
  local cstep, rstep = c1 < c2 and 1 or -1, r1 < r2 and 1 or -1

  if c1 == c2 then -- vertical
    for row = r1, r2, rstep do
      Visit(c1, row, func, arg1, arg2)
    end
  elseif r1 == r2 then -- horizontal
    for col = c1, c2, cstep do
      Visit(col, r1, func, arg1, arg2)
    end
  else
    local dc, dr = abs(c1 - c2), abs(r1 - r2)

    if dc == dr then -- diagonal
      for _ = 1, dc do
        Visit(c1, r1, func, arg1, arg2)

        c1, r1 = c1 + cstep, r1 + rstep
      end
    elseif dc < dr then -- more tall than wide
      local xoff, dx, dy = x1 - x0, abs(x2 - x1), y2 - y1
      local t, m = c1 < c2 and CellWidth - xoff or xoff, dy / dx

      -- Columns, first through penultimate:
      for col = c1, c2 - cstep, cstep do
        local rto = Quantize(y1 + t * m, CellHeight) + 1

        for row = r1, rto, rstep do
          Visit(col, row, func, arg1, arg2)
        end

        r1, t = rto, t + CellWidth
      end

      -- Last column:
      for row = r1, r2, rstep do
        Visit(c2, row, func, arg1, arg2)
      end
    else -- more wide than tall
      local yoff, dx, dy = y1 - y0, x2 - x1, abs(y2 - y1)
      local t, m = r1 < r2 and CellHeight - yoff or yoff, dx / dy

      -- Rows, first through penultimate:
      for row = r1, r2 - rstep, rstep do
        local cto = Quantize(x1 + t * m, CellWidth) + 1

        for col = c1, cto, cstep do
          Visit(col, row, func, arg1, arg2)
        end

        c1, t = cto, t + CellHeight
      end

      -- Last row:
      for col = c1, c2, cstep do
        Visit(col, r2, func, arg1, arg2)
      end
    end
  end
end

--
--
--

local RowInfo = {}

local Tex = memoryBitmap.newTexture{ width = NCols, height = NRows }

local function Paint (col, row)
  Tex:setPixel(col, row, 1, 0, 0, 1)

  local info = RowInfo[row]

  if info then
    info.left, info.right = min(col, info.left), max(col, info.right)
  else
    RowInfo[row] = { left = col, right = col }
  end
end

--
--
--

local Left, Top = 50, 100

local Image = display.newImageRect(Tex.filename, Tex.baseDir, Tex.width * CellWidth, Tex.height * CellHeight)

Image:setStrokeColor(0, 0, 1)

Image.anchorX, Image.x = 0, Left
Image.anchorY, Image.y = 0, Top
Image.strokeWidth = 2

Image:addEventListener("touch", function(event)
  local phase, target = event.phase, event.target

  if phase == "began" then
    display.getCurrentStage():setFocus(target)

    local x, y = event.x - Left, event.y - Top

    Raycast(x, y, x, y, Paint) -- trivial cast
    Tex:invalidate()

    target.last_x, target.last_y = event.x, event.y
    target.is_touched = true
  elseif target.is_touched then
    if phase == "moved" then
      Raycast(target.last_x - Left, target.last_y - Top, event.x - Left, event.y - Top, Paint)
      Tex:invalidate()

      target.last_x, target.last_y = event.x, event.y
    elseif phase == "ended" or phase == "cancelled" then
      display.getCurrentStage():setFocus(nil)

      target.is_touched = false
    end
  else -- swipe?
    return
  end

  return true
end)

--
--
--

local function UpdateTimeInfo (col, row, layer, time)
  local index = (row - 1) * NCols + col
  local value = layer[index]

  if value then
    value[1], value[2] = min(value[1], time), max(value[2], time)
  else
    value = { time, time }
  end

  layer[index] = value
end

local function EncodeTimes (value)
  if value then
    local low = value[1]
    local range = value[2] - low + 1

    return (16 * low + range + 1) / 256 -- we add 1 to as a correction from 256ths to 255ths
  else
    return 0
  end
end

--
--
--

-- In early development, this looked atrocious with filtering. Now it
-- actually seems okay, if still off. The "low" value might often survive,
-- or at least be reasonably close, whereas the "range" will be all over
-- the place.

display.setDefault("magTextureFilter", "nearest")
display.setDefault("minTextureFilter", "nearest")

local Tex2 = memoryBitmap.newTexture{ width = NCols, height = NRows }

display.setDefault("magTextureFilter", "linear")
display.setDefault("minTextureFilter", "linear")

--
--
--

local FullRange = EncodeTimes{ 0, 15 }

local function BakeLayers (layers)
  local r, g, b, a, index = layers[1], layers[2], layers[3], layers[4], 1

  for row = 1, NRows do
    for col = 1, NCols do
      local red, green, blue, alpha = EncodeTimes(r[index]), EncodeTimes(g[index]), EncodeTimes(b[index]), a[index] or 0

      -- If a pixel is shown at all times, just bake it into the skin instead; this will
      -- be the case at all the follicles, for instance. This gives us some slack in the
      -- encoding and seems to avoid some artifacts, presumably related to rounding.
      if red == FullRange then
        alpha, red = .325, 0--alpha + .25 * .125, 0
      end

      if green == FullRange then
        alpha, green = .375, 0--alpha + .25 * .375, 0
      end

      if blue == FullRange then
        alpha, blue = .425, 0--alpha + .25 * .25, 0
      end

      Tex2:setPixel(col, row, red, green, blue, alpha)
      
      index = index + 1
    end
  end

  Tex2:invalidate()
end

--
--
--

-- For the following, see http://www.plunk.org/~hatch/rightway.html

local function AngleBetween (dot, vmw, vpw)
  if dot < 0 then
    return pi - 2 * asin(vpw / 2)
  else
    return 2 * asin(vmw / 2)
  end
end

local function SinXOverX (x)
  if 1 + x^2 == 1 then
    return 1
  else
    return sin(x) / x
  end
end

local function Slerp (vx, vy, wx, wy, angle, t)
  local s = 1 - t
  local u = s * SinXOverX(s * angle)
  local v = t * SinXOverX(t * angle)

  return u * vx + v * wx, u * vy + v * wy
end

--
--
--

local function Length (vx, vy, vz)
  return sqrt(vx^2 + vy^2 + vz^2)
end

local function GetAngle (vx, vy, vz, wx, wy, wz)
  local dot = vx * wx + vy * wy + vz * wz
  local vmw = Length(vx - wx, vy - wy, vz - wz)
  local vpw = Length(vx + wx, vy + wy, vz + wz)

  return AngleBetween(dot, vmw, vpw)
end

local function RandomAxis ()
  local ax, ay, az = random(-20, 0) / 50, random(0, 20) / 50, random(30, 50) / 50
  local alen = Length(ax, ay, az)

  return ax / alen, ay / alen, az / alen
end

local SegmentLength = 14.5--1.5

local function RenderSegment (layer, time, x1, y1, vx, vy)
  local x2, y2 = x1 + vx * SegmentLength, y1 + vy * SegmentLength

  Raycast(x1, y1, x2, y2, UpdateTimeInfo, layer, time)

  return x2, y2
end

--
--
--

local Densities = { 9, 6, 7 }--20, 15, 20 }

local function GetAxes () -- can add angle limit and constrain w 
  local vx, vy, vz = RandomAxis()
  local wx, wy, wz = RandomAxis()
  local angle = GetAngle(vx, vy, vz, wx, wy, wz)
  local sina = SinXOverX(angle)

  vx, vy = vx / sina, vy / sina
  wx, wy = wx / sina, wy / sina

  return angle, vx, vy, wx, wy
end

widget.newButton{
  left = Image.contentBounds.xMax + 20,
  top = Image.contentBounds.yMin,
  label = "Build",

  onEvent = function(event)
    if event.phase == "ended" then
      local alayer = {}

      for row, edges in pairs(RowInfo) do
        local r0 = (row - 1) * NCols

        for col = edges.left, edges.right do
          alayer[r0 + col] = .25
        end
      end

      local layers = {}

      for _, density in ipairs(Densities) do
        local layer = {}

        for row, edges in pairs(RowInfo) do
          for col = edges.left, edges.right do
            if random(100) < density then
              local n, angle, vx, vy, wx, wy = random(2, 6), GetAxes()

              for j = 0, 15 do
                local t, x, y = j / 16, col * CellWidth, row * CellHeight

                for _ = 1, n do
                  x, y = RenderSegment(layer, j, x, y, Slerp(vx, vy, wx, wy, angle, t))
                  t = random(j * 2, j * 3 + 5) / 50 -- slightly shifted
                end
              end
            end
          end
        end
    
        layers[#layers + 1] = layer
      end

      layers[#layers + 1] = alayer

      BakeLayers(layers)
    end
  end
}

--
--
--

local Image2 = display.newImageRect(Tex2.filename, Tex2.baseDir, 200, 200)

Image2:setStrokeColor(1, 0, 0)

Image2.anchorX, Image2.x = 0, Left
Image2.anchorY, Image2.y = 0, Top + 450
Image2.strokeWidth = 2

--
--
--

graphics.defineEffect{
  category = "filter", name = "fur",

  vertexData = {
    { index = 0, name = "t1", min = 0, max = 1, default = 0 },
    { index = 1, name = "t2", min = 0, max = 1, default = 0 },
    { index = 2, name = "t3", min = 0, max = 1, default = 0 },
  },

  fragment = [[
    P_COLOR vec4 FragmentKernel (P_UV vec2 uv)
    {
      P_COLOR vec4 rgba = texture2D(CoronaSampler0, uv);
      P_COLOR float blank = step(dot(rgba, rgba), 0.);

      // Decode the RGB components, into the lower bound of the initial 16ths bin,
      // plus the range (in 16ths) from there, cf. EncodeTimes() above. The sample
      // is in 255ths rather than 256ths, so the rounding might be slightly off.
      P_UV vec3 hoist = rgba.xyz * 16.;
      P_UV vec3 range = fract(hoist);
      P_UV vec3 low = (hoist - range) / 16.;

      // See if the time falls within the bounds for each component.
      P_UV vec3 when = CoronaVertexUserData.xyz - low;
      P_COLOR vec3 ge_lower = step(vec3(0.), when);
      P_COLOR vec3 le_upper = step(when, range);
      P_COLOR vec3 bounded = ge_lower * le_upper;

      // Accumulate the tint for any valid component. This is not an especially fancy
      // blending policy, but always-visible pixels are easy, cf. BakeLayers() above.
      P_COLOR float fur_tint = rgba.a;//
    //  dot(bounded, vec3(.125, .375, .25));
    //  P_COLOR vec4 gray = vec4(rgba.a);
      P_COLOR float ff = fur_tint;//vec4(rgba.a + fur_tint);
ff = max(ff, .625 * bounded.r);
ff = max(ff, .875 * bounded.g);
ff = max(ff, .925 * bounded.b);

P_COLOR vec4 gray = vec4(ff);
      // Tint the final grayscale value. If the pixel was hidden, clear anything done.
      return CoronaColorScale(gray) * (1. - blank);
    }
  ]]
}

--
--
--

local Image3 = display.newImageRect(Tex2.filename, Tex2.baseDir, 300, 300)

Image3.fill.effect = "filter.custom.fur"

Image3:setStrokeColor(0, 1, 0)

Image3.anchorX, Image3.x = 0, Left
Image3.anchorY, Image3.y = 0, Top + 700
Image3.strokeWidth = 2

Image3:setFillColor(.7, .3, .2) -- vair

transition.to(Image3.fill.effect, { t1 = 1, time = 1300, transition = easing.continuousLoop, iterations = 0 })
transition.to(Image3.fill.effect, { t2 = 1, time = 2300, transition = easing.continuousLoop, iterations = 0 })
transition.to(Image3.fill.effect, { t3 = 1, time = 1300, transition = easing.continuousLoop, iterations = 0 })

This Shadertoy would be about ideal–in 2D, anyhow–but involves a 512-iteration loop with as many texture fetches, and so on. :smiley: In those much more generous circumstances the alpha is also tapered along each hair. In my own effect, though, all the information is used up by the time ranges; I played around with using narrow time intervals as low alpha, but didn’t have much luck yet.

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